11月7日週四,聯準會如期降息25個基點,下調聯邦基金利率目標區間至4.5%-4.75%,但決議聲明刪除關於“在抗通膨問題上獲得信心”的表述,或暗示對12月暫停降息持開放態度。

美東當地時間下午2點半,聯準會主席鮑威爾出席記者會,讚揚美國經濟整體表現強勁,承認勞動市場持續降溫和“有一份通膨數據比預料高”,也明確表態聯準會仍會繼續降息。

市場聚焦他會否就未來利率路徑透露出更多有實際意義的線索、是否點評美國大選對美國經濟前景的影響,以及川普潛在的減稅、關稅和支出計畫對聯準會後續政策與監管制度的影響。

開場白:就业市场不是显著的通胀压力来源,若通膨降溫停滯且經濟強,可以更慢降息

在實現準備好的開場稿件中,鮑威爾稱,供應條件的改善支撐了美國經濟在過去一年表現強勁,聯準會在實現充分就業和穩定物價雙重目標方面取得了重大進展。經濟和勞動市場依舊穩健。

他指出,新增就業速度確實較今年稍早放緩,過去三個月平均每月新增就業10.4萬人,但可能受到10月罷工和颶風的臨時拖累。失業率明顯高於一年前,但在過去三個月有所下降:

“總體而言,一系列廣泛的指標表明,勞動市場的緊張狀況比2019年疫情爆發前有所緩解。劳动力市场并不是显著的通胀压力来源。”

在評價通膨時,他稱,“過去兩年通膨率大幅下降”,9月PCE物價指數年增2.1%,更接近2%的央行長期目標,但核心PCE年漲2.7%“仍然略高”,不過長期通膨預期似乎仍維持穩定。

他格外強調,聯準會在“逐步轉向更中性的立場”時沒有預設路徑,將逐次會議依照數據、不斷變化的前景與風險平衡作出“動態決策”,因為降息過快可能阻礙通膨降溫,降息過慢又可能過度削弱經濟活動和就業:

“如果經濟維持強勁,而通膨率沒有持續向2%邁進,我們可以更緩慢地減少政策限制(註:更慢降息)。如果勞動市場意外走弱,或通膨率下降速度快於預期,我們可以更快採取行動。”

鮑威爾:川普不能令我解僱或降職,短期內大選對貨幣政策沒影響,不排除放慢降息

在問答環節,媒體首先聚焦鮑威爾能否在川普第二個總統任期內“順利屆滿退休”。

被問了太多次的鮑威爾一再聲明自己不想回答太多政治話題,但斬釘截鐵地稱,就算川普要求他辭去聯準會主席一職,他也不會從命,而且法律不允許美國總統解僱或降職聯準會高級官員。

當日稍早據報道,川普可能會讓鮑威爾繼續領導聯準會,直至2026年5月任期結束,川普擔任總統期間曾常抨擊聯準會和鮑威爾,稱其放鬆貨幣政策的速度不夠快,阻礙美國經濟繁榮。川普10月還稱,美國總統應該有權參與利率決策,並有權對利率應該上調或下調發表評論。

鮑威爾也明確提到,短期內美國大選不會對貨幣政策產生影響,聯準會也不會“猜測、臆測、或假設財政政策及其可能對經濟的影響”。

他稱今天降息後“政策仍具有限制性”,再結合他提到“對抗通膨的抗爭還沒結束”,以及聯準會處在更接近中性利率的正軌上,可以推知他在提示“聯準會仍會繼續降息”。

不過,聯準會在政策聲明中打開了很快就會暫停降息的可能性,鮑威爾也稱,無需為了維持物價穩定這個職責而讓通膨進一步降溫,“隨著我們接近中性利率,可能放慢降息節奏是適當的。”

他也再次重申,“聯準會並沒有匆匆忙忙地要實現中性利率”,並發出警告稱,在聯準會尋求降低利率之際,政府的任何變動都可能影響貨幣政策:

“原則上,任何美國政府的政策或國會制定的政策,都可能隨著時間推移產生經濟影響,因此,連同無數其他因素一起,這些經濟影響的預測將納入聯準會的經濟模型中,並被考慮在內。”

在川普勝選後,市場已經下調了對明年1月的降息預期,更主流的觀點是認為屆時暫停降息,這機率從一週前的44%升至54%,對12月再降息25個基點的機率則從77%小幅降至67%。

有分析指出,川普勝選引發了人們對聯準會可能以更慢、更平緩步伐降息的猜測,因為限制非法移民和實施新關稅的政策可能會推高通膨。同時,這也會引發人們討論聯準會眼中既不限制也不刺激經濟成長的“中性利率”到底是多少。

還說了什麼:12月會議前會有更多數據,仍能軟著陸,美國赤字和財政政策是經濟阻力

鮑威爾在問答環節也提到,就業市場尚未全面實現穩定,美國勞動市場持續降溫,但步伐“非常緩慢”。商界認為,2025年的經濟狀況將好於今年,但地緣政治風險偏高。薪資增速仍略高於與2%通脹目標一致的水平:“我們仍在朝著更中性的立場邁進,關鍵在於正確的步伐。”

在談到通膨時,他承認“有通膨數據略高於預期”,但不能令其擔心經濟:

“總體而言,我們對經濟活動感到樂觀。同時,我們得到了通膨報告,雖然不是很糟糕,但確實比預期高了一點。

但是到12月,我們將獲得更多數據,例如還會有一份就業報告、兩份通膨報告和大量其他數據,我們將在12月的會議上做出決定。”

他也重申,聯準會依舊相信會實現“軟著陸”,“相信我們可以在實現強勁就業的同時完成對抗高通膨的任務”,而美國人的長期通膨預期仍錨定良好。

在談到10年期美債殖利率自9月聯準會大幅降息以來飆升超70個基點時,鮑威爾認為美債殖利率走高主要受經濟成長驅動,而不是貨幣政策驅動:

“現在判斷美國公債殖利率的走勢還言之過早,似乎債券走勢並非由通膨高於預期主導,經濟活動數據一直都比預期的更強勁。”

同時,美債殖利率走高也不可避免與川普政府未來大舉發債、導致財政赤字愈發巨大的預期有關,鮑威爾直言美國赤字不斷上升和整體財政政策仍是經濟的阻力,聯邦債務規模不可持續:

“我們的債務水平相對於經濟而言並非不合適,而是這條路徑不可持續。在赤字巨大的情況下,目前處於充分就業狀態,並且預計這種情況將繼續下去,因此處理(財政赤字)這個問題很重要,這最終是對經濟的威脅。”

鮑威爾實現準備好的記者會開場白稿件原文如下:

午安。我和我的同事們仍然專注於實現我們的雙重使命目標,即充分就業及穩定物價,以造福美國人民。經濟整體強勁,過去兩年在實現我們的目標方面取得了重大進展。勞動力市場已從先前的過熱狀態降溫並保持穩健。截至9月,通貨膨脹率已從7%的峰值大幅下降至2.1%。我們致力於透過支持充分就業並將通貨膨脹率恢復到2%的目標來維持經濟的強勁。

Good afternoon. My colleagues and I remain squarely focused on achieving our dual mandate goals of maximum employment and stable prices for the benefit of the American people. The economy is strong overall and has made significant progress toward our goals over the past two years. The labor market has cooled from its formerly overheated state and remains solid. Inflation has eased substantially from a peak of 7 percent to 2.1 percent as of September. We are committed to maintaining our economy’s strength by supporting maximum employment and returning inflation to our 2 percent goal.

今天,聯邦公開市場委員會決定採取進一步措施,降低政策約束程度,將政策利率下調25個基點。我們仍然相信,只要適當調整我們的政策立場,經濟和勞動市場的強勁勢頭就能維持下去,通膨率將持續下降至2%。我們也決定繼續減少證券持有量。在簡單回顧經濟發展後,我將就貨幣政策發表更多看法。

Today, the FOMC decided to take another step in reducing the degree of policy restraint by lowering our policy interest rate by 1/4 percentage point. We continue to be confident that with an appropriate recalibration of our policy stance, strength in the economy and the labor market can be maintained, with inflation moving sustainably down to 2 percent. We also decided to continue to reduce our securities holdings. I will have more to say about monetary policy after briefly reviewing economic developments.

最近的指標顯示,經濟活動持續穩定成長。第三季國內生產毛額年增率為2.8%,與第二季大致相同。消費支出成長保持韌性,設備和無形資產投資增強。相比之下,房地產業的活動一直疲軟。總體而言,供應條件的改善支撐了美國經濟在過去一年的強勁表現。

Recent indicators suggest that economic activity has continued to expand at a solid pace. GDP rose at an annual rate of 2.8 percent in the third quarter, about the same pace as in the second quarter. Growth of consumer spending has remained resilient, and investment in equipment and intangibles has strengthened. In contrast, activity in the housing sector has been weak. Overall, improving supply conditions have supported the strong performance of the U.S. economy over the past year.

勞動市場狀況依然穩健。就業成長速度較今年稍早放緩,過去三個月平均每月新增10.4萬個。如果不是因為10月份罷工和颶風對就業的影響,這一數字可能會更高一些。關於颶風,請容許我向所有受到這些毀滅性風暴影響的家庭、企業和社區表示慰問。失業率明顯高於一年前,但在過去三個月有所下降,10月仍保持在4.1%的低位。名目薪資成長在過去一年有所放緩,開放職缺數量與求職工人之間的差距縮小。總體而言,一系列廣泛的指標表明,勞動市場的緊張狀況比2019年疫情爆發前有所緩解。勞動市場並非重大通膨壓力的來源。

In the labor market, conditions remain solid. Payroll job gains have slowed from earlier in the year, averaging 104 thousand per month over the past three months. This figure would have been somewhat higher were it not for the effects of labor strikes and hurricanes on employment in October. Regarding the hurricanes, let me extend our sympathies to all the families, businesses, and communities who have been harmed by these devastating storms. The unemployment rate is notably higher than it was a year ago, but has edged down over the past three months and remains low at 4.1 percent in October. Nominal wage growth has eased over the past year, and the jobs-to-workers gap has narrowed. Overall, a broad set of indicators suggests that conditions in the labor market are now less tight than just before the pandemic in 2019. The labor market is not a source of significant inflationary pressures.

過去兩年,通貨膨脹率大幅下降。截至9月份的12個月內,PCE總價格上漲了2.1%;除去波動較大的食品和能源類別,核心PCE價格上漲了2.7%。總體而言,通貨膨脹率更接近我們2% 的長期目標,但核心通膨率仍然略高。從對家庭、企業和預測者的廣泛調查以及金融市場的指標來看,長期通膨預期似乎仍維持穩定。

Inflation has eased significantly over the past two years. Total PCE prices rose 2.1 percent over the 12 months ending in September; excluding the volatile food and energy categories, core PCE prices rose 2.7 percent. Overall, inflation has moved much closer to our 2 percent longer-run goal, but core inflation remains somewhat elevated. Longer-term inflation expectations appear to remain well anchored, as reflected in a broad range of surveys of households, businesses, and forecasters, as well as measures from financial markets.

我們的貨幣政策行動以促進美國人民充分就業和物價穩定為雙重使命。我們認為實現就業和通膨目標的風險大致平衡,我們關注我們兩方面使命各自面臨的風險。

Our monetary policy actions are guided by our dual mandate to promote maximum employment and stable prices for the American people. We see the risks to achieving our employment and inflation goals as being roughly in balance, and we are attentive to the risks to both sides of our mandate.

在今天的會議上,委員會決定將聯邦基金利率目標區間下調25個基點,至4.5%到4.75%的區間。進一步調整我們的政策立場將有助於維持經濟和勞動市場的強勁,並將繼續推動通膨進一步下降,也令我們將逐步轉向更中性的立場。

At today’s meeting the Committee decided to lower the target range for the federal funds rate by 1/4 percentage point, to 4-1/2 to 4-3/4 percent. This further recalibration of our policy stance will help maintain the strength of the economy and the labor market and will continue to enable further progress on inflation as we move toward a more neutral stance over time.

我們知道,過快減少政策約束可能會阻礙通膨(降溫)的進展。同時,過慢減少政策限制可能會過度削弱經濟活動和就業。在考慮對聯邦基金利率目標區間進行額外調整時,委員會將仔細評估即將公佈的數據、不斷變化的前景和風險平衡。我們沒有任何預設的路線,將繼續逐次會議做出決定。

We know that reducing policy restraint too quickly could hinder progress on inflation. At the same time, reducing policy restraint too slowly could unduly weaken economic activity and employment. In considering additional adjustments to the target range for the federal funds rate, the Committee will carefully assess incoming data, the evolving outlook, and the balance of risks. We are not on any preset course. We will continue to make our decisions meeting by meeting.

隨著經濟的發展,貨幣政策將進行調整,以最好地促進我們實現充分就業和價格穩定目標。如果經濟維持強勁,而通膨率沒有持續向2%邁進,我們可以更緩慢地減少政策限制。如果勞動市場意外走弱,或通膨率下降速度快於預期,我們可以更快採取行動。政策已經準備好應對我們在追求雙重使命時所面臨的風險和不確定性。

As the economy evolves, monetary policy will adjust in order to best promote our maximum employment and price stability goals. If the economy remains strong and inflation is not sustainably moving toward 2 percent, we can dial back policy restraint more slowly. If the labor market were to weaken unexpectedly or inflation were to fall more quickly than anticipated, we can move more quickly. Policy is well positioned to deal with the risks and uncertainties that we face in pursuing both sides of our dual mandate.

聯準會被賦予了兩個貨幣政策目標——最大限度就業和穩定物價。我們仍然致力於支持最大限度就業,將通膨率持續降至2%的目標,並維持長期通膨預期穩定。我們能否成功實現這些目標對所有美國人來說至關重要。我們明白,我們的行動會影響全美各地的社區、家庭和企業。我們所做的一切都是為了履行我們的公共使命。美联储将竭尽全力实现最大限度就业和物价稳定的目標。謝謝,期待討論。

The Fed has been assigned two goals for monetary policy—maximum employment and stable prices. We remain committed to supporting maximum employment, bringing inflation sustainably to our 2 percent goal, and keeping longer-term inflation expectations well anchored. Our success in delivering on these goals matters to all Americans. We understand that our actions affect communities, families, and businesses across the country. Everything we do is in service to our public mission. We at the Fed will do everything we can to achieve our maximum employment and price stability goals. Thank you. I look forward to our discussion.

本文轉載自“華爾街見聞”,FOREXBNB編輯:李佛。